Purpose – Starting from the hypothesis of an ordinary/extraordinary tension that drives the link between
tourist places and non-tourist places, this paper discusses the issue of tourist spatial delimitations. Rather
than take such an issue for granted, the paper argues that the author needs to understand how the different
actors within the tourism system create specific delimitations and how tourists deal with these delimitations.
To pinpoint these tourist spatial delimitations, this paper considers three types of discourses: the discourse of
local promoters, the discourse of guidebooks and the discourse of tourists. The purpose of this paper is to
explain not only the tourist delimitations established by these actors but also the concordance between the
guidebooks’ prescriptions, the public actors’ strategies and the tourists’ practices. In this empirical
investigation, the author uses the case of Los Angeles and focuses more specifically on the two main tourist
places within the agglomeration: Hollywood and Santa Monica. The argument supports the idea that political
actors tend to develop what the author could consider a tourist secession, as the author tends to precisely
delimit the designated area for the sake of efficiency. Guidebooks, which the author must consider because
they are true and strong prescribers of tourist practices, draw their own tourist neighbourhoods. Finally, most
tourists in Los Angeles conform to these delimitations and do not venture off the beaten track.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines three types of discourses: the discourse of local
tourism promoters, the discourse of tourist guidebooks and the discourse of tourists. The purpose of the
study is to explain not only the tourist delimitations established by these actors but also the concordance
between the guidebooks’ prescriptions, the public actors’ strategies and the tourists’ practices. To conduct
this analysis, this paper relied on an empirical survey (Lucas, 2014b) whose methodology used a range of
different techniques. First, interviews with Convention and Visitors Bureau managers were performed to
understand the delimitations established by the institutional actors directly in charge of the tourist
development of those places. Second, the second kind of discourse considered here is that in guidebooks.
Los Angeles is often included in guidebooks about California in general, albeit with a much shorter number of
pages. Although all guidebooks were considered, the study mostly focused on those specifically dedicated to
Los Angeles (Time Out, Rough Guide and Lonely Planet) to conduct a thick analysis of their discourses and to
note the spatial delimitations that they established. The author must regard guidebooks as the prescribers of
practices because they represent a source of information for tourists. The aim is to determine how tourists
follow – or do not follow – the recommendations of guidebooks. Third, to understand these practices, the
paper considers numerous interviews (approximately seventy) conducted with tourists.
Findings – Thus, in these two examples, the author has distinguished powerful delimitations of the tourist
places created by promoters through their discourse, which provides information on how they promote the
place through urban planning. This tourist staging, and all the specific processing of the place, contributes to
a clear distinction between these places and the rest of the urban environment, allowing a very precise
definition. The distinction is made from one street to another. However, these delimitations are mainly defined
by the practices of the tourists: they have a very selective way of dealing with the public space of the two
places concerned. They validate, update and thus make relevant the limits established by the institutional
operators, sometimes performing even stricter operations of delimitation. This way of dealing with space is
observed in the urban planning and in the discourses on the tourist places expressed in the guidebooks.
There are no tactics to bypass, divert and subvert the spatial configuration settled by local authorities and
guidebooks; tourists do not attempt to discover new places or to go off the beaten track (Maitland and
Newman, 2009). Yet, this is not the only explanation for the way in which tourists occupy a place. Although
the guidebooks perform the operations of delimitation and rank places (insisting on one place over another
and highlighting what should be seen, where to go, etc.), they also exhaustively present the practices that one
can perform, and how tourists deal with space either hints at their disregard of these tools or at individuals’
selection based on the information given. In Hollywood, as in Santa Monica, while the guidebooks
exhaustively enumerate the numerous sites that might be interesting for tourist practices, the author observes
a very important and discriminating concentration of these tourist practices within a precisely delimited perimeter, respectively, the Walk of Fame and the Ocean Front Walk: tourists walk from one street to another
and from a full to an empty space. Thus, the author can support the idea that how tourists cope with space are
temporary, delimited by highly targeted practices and restricted only to a few tourist places.
Originality/value – What about the ordinary/extraordinary dialectic? Most tourists do not look for something
ordinary; yet, the entirety of what could be considered as “extraordinary†in one metropolis is not included in its
tourism space. On the contrary, tourist places can also be seen as “ordinary.†Nevertheless, there is clearly a
distinction observed through the discourses, but also in the practices, between an “inside†and an “outside†and
between something extraordinary and one’s ordinary environment. One can interpret this result as an actual
confirmation of the classic combination (tourist/sight/marker) that constitutes a “tourist attraction†(MacCannell,
1976, p. 44), which concerns a very specific way of dealing with space in Los Angeles. Tourists do not practice
Los Angeles as the author might assume that they would typically practice other metropolises, e.g. strolling
down the streets randomly. The two places examined in this paper are open to that kind of practice. One can
consider that these places have a higher degree of urbanity than the average area of Los Angeles precisely
because there are tourists. The density in terms of buildings is (relatively) more important and accompanied by a
narrative construction of the urban space (the historic dimension of the buildings), and the public space has
undergone specific urban planning and given special consideration, at least greater consideration than
elsewhere. In these places, the author finds a concentration of population – the metropolitan crowd – that is
otherwise very rare in Los Angeles. However, the tourists seem to have a limited interest in these attractions.
These classic characteristics of urbanity do not seem to be regarded positively by a certain number of tourists
and are not taken into consideration by tourists. This observation contrasts somewhat with the idea that dwelling
touristically in a metropolis primarily entails the discovery of its urbanity (Equipe MIT, 2005). Discovering Los
Angeles does not consist of experiencing the local society and of exploring the urban space but, rather, of
performing specific practices in Los Angeles (seeing the Hollywood sign and the Stars and walking along the
famous beaches). Two approaches can help us understand this gap: considering Los Angeles as a specific
case or considering that the spatial configuration of Los Angeles enables us to bring out the logic at work in other
metropolises but that would be too complex to distinguish here. Perhaps, the author finds both elements, and
this reflection must invite the author to continue the discussion on the logic of tourists’ practice of metropolises:
are they really looking for a maximal urbanity during their metropolitan experiences?
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- 2019
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30 Nov 2022
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